[] A urinary tract infection ( UTI) is an that affects part of the. When it affects the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder infection ( cystitis) and when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as kidney infection ().

Symptoms from a lower urinary tract include pain with, frequent urination, and feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder. Symptoms of a kidney infection include and usually in addition to the symptoms of a lower UTI. Rarely the urine may appear. In the very old and the very young, symptoms may be vague or non-specific. The most common cause of infection is, though other bacteria or may rarely be the cause. Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual intercourse,,, and family history. Although sexual intercourse is a risk factor, UTIs are not classified as (STIs).

Kidney infection, if it occurs, usually follows a bladder infection but may also result from a. Diagnosis in young healthy women can be based on symptoms alone. In those with vague symptoms, diagnosis can be difficult because bacteria may be present without there being an infection. In complicated cases or if treatment fails, a may be useful. In uncomplicated cases, UTIs are treated with a short course of such as. To many of the antibiotics used to treat this condition is increasing. In complicated cases, a longer course or antibiotics may be needed.

Download PDF 56KB Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance in People with Cystic Fibrosis Guide To “Healthy” Web Surfing, Ways to Evaluate the Quality of Health. Authoritative, need-to-know information that is easily Johns Hopkins ABX Guide 2012 (Johns Hopkins Medicine) [John G. Auwaerter, Paul A. Physician (Sara Cosgrove, M.D., M.S.) and an Infectious Disease pharmacist (Edina Avdic, Pharm.D., M.B.A), the mission of the program is to ensure that every patient at Hopkins on antibiotics gets optimal therapy. These guidelines are a step in that direction. The guidelines were initially developed by Arjun Srinivasan, M.D..

If symptoms do not improve in two or three days, further diagnostic testing may be needed. May help with symptoms. In those who have bacteria or white blood cells in their urine but have no symptoms, antibiotics are generally not needed, although during pregnancy is an exception.

In those with frequent infections, a short course of antibiotics may be taken as soon as symptoms begin or long-term antibiotics may be used as a preventative measure. About 150 million people developed a urinary tract infection each year. They are more common in women than men. In women, they are the most common form of bacterial infection. Up to 10% of women have a urinary tract infection in a given year and half of women having at least one infection at some point in their lives. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years. Bostock And Chandler Pure Mathematics Pdf. Recurrences are common.

Urinary tract infections have been described since ancient times with the first documented description in the dated to c. Urine may contain pus (a condition known as ) as seen from a person with due to a urinary tract infection. Lower urinary tract infection is also referred to as a bladder infection. The most common symptoms are and having to urinate frequently (or an urge to urinate) in the absence of and significant pain.

These symptoms may vary from mild to severe and in healthy women last an average of six days. Some pain above the or in the may be present. People experiencing an upper urinary tract infection, or, may experience,, or nausea and in addition to the classic symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection. Rarely the urine may appear or contain visible.

Children In young children, the only symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI) may be a fever. Because of the lack of more obvious symptoms, when females under the age of two or uncircumcised males less than a year exhibit a fever, a culture of the urine is recommended by many medical associations. Infants may feed poorly, vomit, sleep more, or show signs of. In older children, new onset (loss of bladder control) may occur. Elderly Urinary tract symptoms are frequently lacking in the. The presentations may be vague with incontinence, a, or fatigue as the only symptoms, while some present to a health care provider with, an infection of the blood, as the first symptoms. Diagnosis can be complicated by the fact that many elderly people have preexisting incontinence.

It is reasonable to obtain a urine culture in those with signs of systemic infection that may be unable to report urinary symptoms, such as when advanced is present. Systemic signs of infection include a or increase in temperature of more than 1.1 °C (2.0 °F) from usual, chills, and an. Cause Uropathogenic from the gut is the cause of 80–85% of community-acquired urinary tract infections, with being the cause in 5–10%. Rarely they may be due to or infections. Healthcare-associated urinary tract infections (mostly related to ) involve a much broader range of pathogens including: E. Coli (27%), (11%), (11%), the fungal pathogen (9%), and (7%) among others.

Urinary tract infections due to typically occur secondary to blood-borne infections. And can infect the urethra but not the bladder. These infections are usually classified as a rather than urinary tract infection. Sex In young sexually active women, sexual activity is the cause of 75–90% of bladder infections, with the risk of infection related to the frequency of sex. The term 'honeymoon cystitis' has been applied to this phenomenon of frequent UTIs during early marriage.

In women, sexual activity does not affect the risk of developing a UTI. Use, independent of sexual frequency, increases the risk of UTIs. Use is also associated. Condom use without spermicide or use of does not increase the risk of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Women are more prone to UTIs than men because, in females, the is much shorter and closer to the. As a woman's estrogen levels decrease with, her risk of urinary tract infections increases due to the loss of protective.

Additionally, that can sometimes occur after menopause is associated with recurrent urinary tract infections. Chronic prostatitis in the forms of and (not acute bacterial prostatitis or ) may cause recurrent urinary tract infections in males. Risk of infections increases as males age. While bacteria is commonly present in the urine of older males this does not appear to affect the risk of urinary tract infections. Urinary catheters increases the risk for urinary tract infections. The risk of (bacteria in the urine) is between three and six percent per day and prophylactic antibiotics are not effective in decreasing symptomatic infections. The risk of an associated infection can be decreased by catheterizing only when necessary, using for insertion, and maintaining unobstructed closed drainage of the catheter.

Male utilizing and female divers utilizing external catching devices for their are also susceptible to urinary tract infections. Others A predisposition for bladder infections may run in families. Other risk factors include, being, and having a. In children UTIs are associated with (an abnormal movement of from the into or ) and. Persons with are at increased risk for urinary tract infection in part because of chronic use of catheter, and in part because of dysfunction.

It is the most common cause of infection in this population, as well as the most common cause of hospitalization. Additionally, use of or cranberry supplement appears to be ineffective in prevention and treatment in this population. Multiple (rod-shaped bacteria, here shown as black and bean-shaped) shown between white blood cells in urinary microscopy. These changes are indicative of a urinary tract infection. In straightforward cases, a diagnosis may be made and treatment given based on symptoms alone without further laboratory confirmation. In complicated or questionable cases, it may be useful to confirm the diagnosis via, looking for the presence of, (leukocytes),.

Another test,, looks for the presence of, white blood cells, or bacteria. Urine is deemed positive if it shows a bacterial colony count of greater than or equal to 10 3 per mL of a typical urinary tract organism. Antibiotic sensitivity can also be tested with these cultures, making them useful in the selection of antibiotic treatment. However, women with negative cultures may still improve with antibiotic treatment. As symptoms can be vague and without reliable tests for urinary tract infections, diagnosis can be difficult in the elderly. Classification A urinary tract infection may involve only the lower urinary tract, in which case it is known as a bladder infection. Alternatively, it may involve the upper urinary tract, in which case it is known as pyelonephritis.

If the urine contains significant bacteria but there are no symptoms, the condition is known as. If a urinary tract infection involves the upper tract, and the person has, is pregnant, is male, or, it is considered complicated. Otherwise if a woman is healthy and it is considered uncomplicated. In children when a urinary tract infection is associated with a fever, it is deemed to be an upper urinary tract infection.

Children To make the diagnosis of a urinary tract infection in children, a positive urinary culture is required. Contamination poses a frequent challenge depending on the method of collection used, thus a cutoff of 10 5 CFU/mL is used for a 'clean-catch' mid stream sample, 10 4 CFU/mL is used for catheter-obtained specimens, and 10 2 CFU/mL is used for (a sample drawn directly from the bladder with a needle). The use of 'urine bags' to collect samples is discouraged by the due to the high rate of contamination when cultured, and catheterization is preferred in those not toilet trained. Some, such as the recommends and (watching a person's urethra and urinary bladder with real time x-rays while they urinate) in all children less than two years old who have had a urinary tract infection. However, because there is a lack of effective treatment if problems are found, others such as the only recommends routine imaging in those less than six months old or who have unusual findings. Differential diagnosis In women with (inflammation of the ) or (inflammation of the ) and in young men with UTI symptoms, a or infection may be the cause. These infections are typically classified as a rather than a urinary tract infection.

Vaginitis may also be due to a. (chronic pain in the bladder) may be considered for people who experience multiple episodes of UTI symptoms but urine cultures remain negative and not improved with antibiotics.

(inflammation of the ) may also be considered in the differential diagnosis., characterized by, can occur secondary to a number of causes including: infections,, underlying cancer, medications and toxins. Medications that commonly cause this problem include the with rates of 2 to 40%. Is a rare condition where are present in the bladder wall. Signs and symptoms are similar to a bladder infection. Its cause is not entirely clear; however, it may be linked to,, and medications among others. Prevention A number of measures have not been confirmed to affect UTI frequency including: urinating immediately after intercourse, the type of underwear used, personal hygiene methods used after urinating or, or whether a person typically bathes or showers. There is similarly a lack of evidence surrounding the effect of holding one's urine, use, and.

In those with frequent urinary tract infections who use or a as a method of contraception, they are advised to use alternative methods. In those with urinating in a sitting position appears to improve bladder emptying which might decrease urinary tract infections in this group. Using urinary catheters as little and as short of time as possible and appropriate care of the catheter when used prevents infections. They should be inserted using sterile technique in hospital however non-sterile technique may be appropriate in those who self catheterize. The urinary catheter set up should also be kept sealed. Evidence does not support a significant decrease in risk when silver-alloy catheters are used. Medications For those with recurrent infections, taking a short course of antibiotics when each infection occurs is associated with the lowest antibiotic use.

A prolonged course of daily antibiotics is also effective. Medications frequently used include and (TMP/SMX). Is another agent used for this purpose as in the bladder where the acidity is low it produces to which resistance does not develop.

Some recommend against prolonged use due to concerns of. In cases where infections are related to intercourse, taking antibiotics afterwards may be useful. In post-menopausal women, vaginal has been found to reduce recurrence. As opposed to topical creams, the use of vaginal estrogen from has not been as useful as low dose antibiotics. Antibiotics following short term urinary catheterization decreases the subsequent risk of a bladder infection. A number of are in development as of 2011.

Children The evidence that antibiotics decrease urinary tract infections in children is poor. However recurrent UTIs are a rare cause of further kidney problems if there are no underlying abnormalities of the kidneys, resulting in less than a third of a percent (0.33%) of in adults. Whether routine circumcisions prevents UTIs has not been well studied as of 2011. Alternative medicine Some research suggests that (juice or capsules) may decrease the number of UTIs in those with frequent infections. A concluded that the benefit, if it exists, is small. Long-term tolerance is also an issue with gastrointestinal upset occurring in more than 30%.

Cranberry juice is thus not currently recommended for this indication. As of 2015, require further study to determine if they are beneficial. Treatment The mainstay of treatment is. Is occasionally prescribed during the first few days in addition to antibiotics to help with the burning and urgency sometimes felt during a bladder infection. However, it is not routinely recommended due to safety concerns with its use, specifically an elevated risk of (higher than normal level of in the blood).

(paracetamol) may be used for fevers. There is no good evidence for the use of cranberry products for treating current infections. Asymptomatic bacteriuria Those who have bacteria in the urine but no symptoms should not generally be treated with antibiotics. This includes those who are old, those with spinal cord injuries, and those who have urinary catheters.

Pregnancy is an exception and it is recommended that women take 7 days of antibiotics. If not treated it causes up to 30% of mothers to develop and increases risk of and. Some also support treatment of those with and treatment before urinary tract procedures which will likely cause bleeding. Uncomplicated Uncomplicated infections can be diagnosed and treated based on symptoms alone. Antibiotics taken by mouth such as (TMP/SMX),, or are typically first line.,, or a may also be used. However, to fluoroquinolones among the bacterial that cause urinary infections has been increasing.

The FDA recommends against the use of fluoroquinolones when other options are available due to higher risks of serious side effects. These medications substantially shorten the time to recovery with all being equally effective. A three-day treatment with trimethoprim, TMP/SMX, or a fluoroquinolone is usually sufficient, whereas nitrofurantoin requires 5–7 days. Fosfomycin may be used as a single dose but has been associated with lower rates of efficacy. With treatment, symptoms should improve within 36 hours. About 50% of people will recover without treatment within a few days or weeks. Fluoroquinolones are not recommended as a first treatment.

The Infectious Diseases Society of America states this due to the concern of generating to this class of medication. Appears less effective than other options. Despite this precaution, some resistance has developed to all of these medications related to their widespread use. Alone is deemed to be equivalent to TMP/SMX in some countries. For simple UTIs, children often respond to a three-day course of antibiotics. Women with recurrent simple UTIs may benefit from self-treatment upon occurrence of symptoms with medical follow-up only if the initial treatment fails.

Complicated Complicated UTIs are more difficult to treat and usually requires more aggressive evaluation, treatment and follow-up. It may require identifying and addressing the underlying complication. Increasing is causing concern about the future of treating those with complicated and recurrent UTI.

Pyelonephritis is treated more aggressively than a simple bladder infection using either a longer course of oral antibiotics or antibiotics. Seven days of the oral fluoroquinolone is typically used in areas where the resistance rate is less than 10%. If the local resistance rates are greater than 10%, a dose of intravenous is often prescribed. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or orally for 14 days is another reasonable option. In those who exhibit more severe symptoms, admission to a hospital for ongoing antibiotics may be needed. Complications such as from a may be considered if symptoms do not improve following two or three days of treatment. Epidemiology Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women.

They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years, with 10% of women getting an infection yearly and more than 40–60% having an infection at some point in their lives. Recurrences are common, with nearly half of people getting a second infection within a year.

Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis occurs between 20–30 times less frequently. They are the most common cause of accounting for approximately 40%. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7-10%.

Asymptomatic bacteria in the urine occurs in 2% to 10% of pregnancies. Urinary tract infections may affect 10% of people during childhood. Among children urinary tract infections are the most common in uncircumcised males less than three months of age, followed by females less than one year. Estimates of frequency among children however vary widely. In a group of children with a fever, ranging in age between birth and two years, two to 20% were diagnosed with a UTI. Society and culture In the United States, urinary tract infections account for nearly seven million office visits, a million emergency department visits, and one hundred thousand hospitalizations every year. Toshiba Dynadock Drivers Mac Os X there. The cost of these infections is significant both in terms of lost time at work and costs of medical care.

In the United States the direct cost of treatment is estimated at 1.6 billion USD yearly. History Urinary tract infections have been described since ancient times with the first documented description in the dated to c. It was described by the Egyptians as 'sending forth heat from the bladder'. Effective treatment did not occur until the development and availability of antibiotics in the 1930s before which time herbs, and rest were recommended. Pregnancy Urinary tract infections are more concerning in due to the increased risk of kidney infections. During pregnancy, high levels elevate the risk of decreased muscle tone of the ureters and bladder, which leads to a greater likelihood of reflux, where urine flows back up the ureters and towards the kidneys.

While pregnant women do not have an increased risk of asymptomatic bacteriuria, if bacteriuria is present they do have a 25–40% risk of a kidney infection. Thus if urine testing shows signs of an infection—even in the absence of symptoms—treatment is recommended. Or are typically used because they are generally considered safe in pregnancy. A kidney infection during pregnancy may result in or (a state of and kidney dysfunction during pregnancy that can lead to ). Some women have UTIs that keep coming back in pregnancy and currently there is not enough research on how to best treat these infections.