Clockwise from top left:, Brooklyn brownstones,,, Flag Seal Motto(s): ('Unity makes strength') Location of Brooklyn, shown in red, in New York City Coordinates: Kings (Coterminous) Settled 1634, Government • Type • (D) — (Borough of Brooklyn) • (D) — (Kings County) Area • Total 97 sq mi (250 km 2) • Land 71 sq mi (180 km 2) • Water 26 sq mi (70 km 2) Population (2016) • Total 2,629,150 • Density 37,137.1/sq mi (14,338.7/km 2) • Brooklynite, Brooklyn people (plural) prefix 112, Website Brooklyn ( ) is the most populous of, with a census-estimated 2,629,150 residents in 2016. It borders the borough of at the southwestern end in the same, and has several bridge connections to the nearby boroughs of and. Since 1896, the borough has been coterminous with Kings County, the most populous in the of and the in the, after the (which is coextensive with the borough of Manhattan). With a land area of 71 square miles (180 km 2) and water area of 26 square miles (67 km 2), Kings County is New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area, though it is the second-largest among the city's five boroughs. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the after and. Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the ) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of 'Greater New York', Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities, boroughs, and counties to form the modern 'City of New York,' surrounding the with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a.

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Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the Borough and, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern as '. In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a as an destination for, with concomitant, dramatic increases, and a decrease in. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of and, and of and. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Toponymy [ ] The name Brooklyn is derived from the original name Breuckelen, meaning in Dutch.

Established in 1646, the name first appeared in print in 1663. The Dutch colonists named it after the scenic town of, near. Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen and finally Breukelen. The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of Brooklyn's name it has caused confusion about its origin; some have claimed breuckelen means 'broken land.' The final name of Brooklyn, however, is the most accurate to its meaning. See also: The history of settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years.

The settlement began in the 17th century as the small town of 'Breuckelen' on the shore of, grew to be a sizable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to and part of ), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of and, to form the modern City of New York. Colonial era [ ] Six Dutch towns [ ] The were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the, an tribe who are often referred to in colonial documents by a variation of the place name '. The 'Breuckelen' settlement was named after in the; it was part of, and the lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English names): •: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of, possibly after, England, or, Netherlands •: as 'Breuckelen' in 1646, after the town now spelled, •: as 'New ' in 1647 •: as ' in 1652 •: in 1657, after the city of, Netherlands •: as 'Boswijck' in 1661. Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766 What is Brooklyn today left Dutch hands after the final conquest of in 1664, a prelude to the. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the conquerors renamed their prize in honor of the overall English naval commander,, brother of the then monarch and future king himself as; Brooklyn became a part of the new English and later British colony, the.

The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1, 1683, one of the then established in New York Province. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. Lacking the and tenant farmer system established along the, this county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of among the population in the along the eastern coast of. Revolutionary War [ ].

The was fought across Kings County. On August 27, 1776, was fought the (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn'), the first major engagement fought in the after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. Troops forced troops under off the heights near the modern sites of,, and. Washington, viewing at the from atop a hill near the west end of present-day, was famously reported to have emotionally exclaimed: 'What brave men I must this day lose!' The American positions at consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the of all his troops and supplies across the in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs.

The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoyed a dominant sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—, headed by Washington himself. The British set up a system of notorious off the coast of Brooklyn in, where more American died of intentional neglect than died in combat on all the battlefields of the American Revolutionary War, combined.

One result of the in 1783 was the, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. Post-colonial era [ ] Urbanization [ ]. A preindustrial Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c. 1819–20, by Francis Guy ().

The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The operated in (border between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh) for the entire 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century. The first center of sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817.

Reliable steam across the East River to converted into a for. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became to. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. In parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, a little farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. In mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems.

However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854. By 1841, with the appearance of published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper. It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America.

The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842, and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846. On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle; on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.

The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous baseball team, the, also assisted with this.

Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of in 1957. Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York [ ], and under Republican leadership the city was fervent in the Union cause in the.

After the war the was built downtown to honor a famous local. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called. The city had a population of 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 at night. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars coming in from New York City. Finally in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men.

Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City. Civil War [ ]. 'Any Thing for Me, if You Please?' Post Office, 1864 Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and for the. The most well-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 'Red Legged Devils'. They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city; President Lincoln called them into service personally, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861.

Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by that of the French, a light infantry used for quick assaults on the enemy. As both a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing.

The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad was built in Brooklyn. Twin city [ ] Brooklyn is referred to as a of New York in the 1883 poem, ' by, which appears on a plaque inside the. The poem calls New York Harbor 'the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame'. As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by its century-old submergence into its old partner and rival. Economic growth continued, propelled by and, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from to was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the and the canalized.

The was only the most famous product of the large and growing of Williamsburg. After the, trolley lines and other transport brought beyond and into the center of the county.

In 1883, by The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks including the. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District. Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of such as the in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation.

See also: and Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the, whose own second mayor (1902–1903),, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn Mayor Party Start year End year Democratic-Republican 1834 Democrat 1835 1836 Whig 1837 1838 1839 1841 Democrat 1842 1843 1844 1845 Whig 1846 1848 1849 Democrat 1850 Whig 1851 1852 Democrat 1853 1854 1855 1856 Democrat 1857 1860 1861 1863 Republican 1864 1865 1866 1867 Democrat 1868 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 Republican 1876 1877 Democrat 1878 1881 Republican 1882 1885 Democrat 1886 1887 1888 1891 1892 1893 Republican 1894 1895 1896 1897 New York City borough [ ]. Brooklyn in 1897 In 1883, the was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened. The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of, the county of and the western portion of to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. And other progressives said Yes, and eventually they prevailed against the and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.

Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. The merger was called the 'Great Mistake of 1898' by many newspapers of the day, and the phrase still denotes Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites.

Geography [ ] Brooklyn totals 97 square miles (250 km 2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km 2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km 2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest in land area among the boroughs of New York City. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest by land area and third-smallest by total area. Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip. Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including; the;, separating Brooklyn from the borough of in New York City and crossed by the;, separating Brooklyn from and in the of; and the, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the, the, the, the, and numerous routes of the. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains in that borough's neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of the neighborhood of Brooklyn. Boroughscape [ ].

The, the (far left), and the (near left) are seen across the from at sunset in 2013. Climate [ ] Under the, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January), Brooklyn experiences a ( Cfa), with partial shielding from the and moderating influences from the. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. Brooklyn lies in the. Brooklyn has been New York City's most populous borough since the mid-1920s.

(Key: Each borough's historical population in millions. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island) Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1731 2,150 — 1756 2,707 +25.9% 1771 3,623 +33.8% 1786 3,966 +9.5% 4,549 +14.7% 5,740 +26.2% 8,303 +44.7% 11,187 +34.7% 20,535 +83.6% 47,613 +131.9% 138,822 +191.6% 279,122 +101.1% 419,921 +50.4% 599,495 +42.8% 838,547 +39.9% 1,166,582 +39.1% 1,634,351 +40.1% 2,018,356 +23.5% 2,560,401 +26.9% 2,698,285 +5.4% 2,738,175 +1.5% 2,627,319 −4.0% 2,602,012 −1.0% 2,230,936 −14.3% 2,300,664 +3.1% 2,465,326 +7.2% 2,504,700 +1.6% 2016 2,629,150 +5.0% 1731–1786 U.S.

Decennial Census 1790–1960 1900–1990 1990–2000 2010 and 2016 Source: U.S. Decennial Census Since 2010, the population of Brooklyn was estimated by the to have increased 5.3% to 2,636,735, as of 2015 – Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.8% of New York City's estimated population of 8,550,405; 33.6% of Long Island's population of 7,838,722; and 13.3% of New York State's population of 19,795,791. Celebrating in, one of several, in. Brooklyn's rapidly growing population was estimated to have surpassed 200,000 in 2014. In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino. 2012 estimates [ ] According to the 2012 U.S.

Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,565,635 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), 880,727 households, and 583,922 families living in Brooklyn. The population density was 34,920/square mile (13,480/km²). There were 930,866 housing units at an average density of 13,180/square mile (5,090/km²). Of the 880,727 households in Brooklyn, 38.6% were married couples living together, 22.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families.

33.3% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households 27.8% are made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.41. In Brooklyn the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who are 65 years of age or older.

The median age was 33 years. Brooklyn has more women and girls, with 88.4 males for every 100 females. Brooklyn's community is the largest out of all of the New York City boroughs. The median income for households in Brooklyn was $32,135, and the median income for a family was $36,188. Males had a median income of $34,317, which was higher than females, whose median income was $30,516.

The per capita income was $16,775. About 22% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over. Racial composition 2015 2010 1990 1950 1900 49.3% 42.8% 46.9% 92.2% 98.3% —Non-Hispanic 35.9% 35.7% 40.1% n/a n/a 34.8% 34.3% 37.9% 7.6% 1.6% (of any race) 19.5% 19.8% 20.1% n/a n/a 12.4% 10.5% 4.8% 0.1% 0.1% Languages [ ] Brooklyn has a high degree of. As of 2010, 54.12% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke at home as a, while 17.16% (393,340) spoke, 6.46% (148,012), 5.31% (121,607), 3.47% (79,469), 2.75% (63,019), 1.35% (31,004), 1.20% (27,440), 1.01% (23,207), 0.99% (22,763), 0.95% (21,773), 0.85% (19,388), 0.70% (15,936), and were spoken as a by 0.54% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.88% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a other than English.

Neighborhoods [ ]. Middagh Street, Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, during the early to mid-20th century, had a majority of residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. During the early 20th century was filled with ethnic, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.

Along with, many of Brooklyn's neighborhoods are also becoming increasingly diverse, with an influx of immigrants integrating its neighborhoods. The borough also attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from,,,,,,,, and.

Community diversity [ ] Given New York City's role as a crossroads for legal and illegal immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally ambience of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and. Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below: Jewish American [ ]. Main article: Over 600,000, particularly and, have become concentrated in, Williamsburg, and, where there are many,, and restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Orthodox and neighborhoods are,,,, and (home to the world headquarters). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in Brownsville. Many non-Orthodox Jews are concentrated in, and, with smaller Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island.

Chinese American [ ]. Main article: Brooklyn's African American and communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush,, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to one of the largest communities of West Indians outside of the Caribbean, being rivaled only by Toronto, Miami, Montreal, and London.

Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are mostly, and, there are from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands. Started by natives of, the takes place every Labor Day on. Is home to one of the most famous African American communities in the city, along with,, and. Latino American [ ]. Further information: and is the largest hub of Brooklyn's community.

Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established presence, along with an influx of many,,,, as well as a more recent influx of Puerto Ricans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Latino, its residents having created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. 's population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans,, Dominicans, and; they are spread out throughout the borough.

Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick,, and East New York, while Mexicans are predominant in Sunset Park and Panamanians in. Russian and Ukrainian American [ ]. Main article: Brooklyn is also home to many and, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of and.

Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed and Little, respectively. Originally these communities were mostly Jewish; however, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach now also represent various aspects of Russian and Ukrainian culture. Polish American [ ] Brooklyn's are largely concentrated in, which is home to. They are also scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn. Italian American [ ].

Main article: are mainly concentrated in the neighborhoods of,,,,,, and where there are many Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerie, cafes, and social clubs. Muslim American [ ] Today, and along with other Muslim communities have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to, where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops and mosques. Coney Island Avenue is home to Little as Church Avenue is to Bangladeshis. Jay Street Borough Hall (Downtown Brooklyn) is little Arabia. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Earlier, the area was known predominately for its Irish, Norwegian, and Scottish populations. There are also many Middle Eastern, particularly Yemeni, businesses, mosques, and restaurants on west of, in.

Irish American [ ] can be found throughout Brooklyn, in low to moderate concentrations in the neighborhoods of Bay Ridge,,, and. Many moved east on Long Island in the mid-twentieth century. Greek American [ ] Brooklyn's live throughout the borough, but their businesses today are concentrated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned diners are also found throughout the borough, but many Greeks have re-located off of Atlantic Avenue due to demographic shift. Same-sex couples [ ].

Main article: Brooklyn is home to a large and growing population of same-sex couples. Were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. The neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among, and numerous neighborhoods have since become home to communities. Artists-in-residence [ ] Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg,,, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for.

However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as. Government and politics [ ].

Since consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a 'strong'. The centralized is responsible for, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the is an independent partially funded by the government of New York City, but also by the, the, and. The office of was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use.

Nightwish Full Discography Torrent Download. In 1989, the declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court's of the. Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations.

Brooklyn's current Borough President is, elected as a in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote. Adams replaced popular Borough President, also a, who partially used his office to promote tourism and new development for Brooklyn. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices, and the borough is very liberal. As of 2005, 69.7% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. The most controversial political issue is the proposed, a large housing and sports arena project. Pockets of majority Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst,, and by U.S.

Representative Dan Donovan and New York State Senator Marty Golden. Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote.

The District Attorney of Kings County is, who replaced Democrat following his death in October 2016. Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city's Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. Newer buildings near Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.

Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction. Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a and entertainment economy in, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms.

Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products. The pharmaceutical company was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that once employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008.

However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant. First established as a facility in 1801, the employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough.

The, the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered, was built there, as was the, whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish–American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the was built in Greenpoint. From 1968–1979 was the major employer. Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard. Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors.

Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.

As of August 2008, the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%. Brooklyn is also home to many banks and. According to the, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.

The of has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous, as, the for New York City's, has expanded from into Brooklyn.

Main article: Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The has often been portrayed as the 'typical New York accent' in American media, although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out. Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold. Cultural venues [ ] Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned, the, and the second largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the.

The, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens.

The (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art house BAM Rose Cinemas. Ann's Warehouse are located on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the arts district.

Has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after ), with a seating capacity of over 3,000. Media [ ] Local periodicals [ ] Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The, (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View,, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's, is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including, the, and the. The borough is home to the bi-weekly cultural guide and the arts and politics monthly, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly. Is also published in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn.

Several others, that are now defunct, include: BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed 'Pulse of Brooklyn' and then the 'Pulse of New York'). Ethnic press [ ] Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press., the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 in.

Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper,, an Orthodox Jewish daily and, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them the quarterly ', a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn. [ ] published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of 'The Local paper with the Global View'.

Television [ ] The City of New York has an official television station, run by the, which features programming based in Brooklyn. Is the borough's. [ ] Events [ ] • The annual (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade. • Coney Island also hosts the annual (July 4). • The annual (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along in. • runs annually around the second week of June.

Parks and other attractions [ ]. •: located adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits.

• developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The, built in 1927, is on the. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s, but has undergone a renaissance. •: the first municipal airport in New York City and long closed for operations, is now part of the. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant.

Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including and a restored area of that was once widespread on the. •, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers. Pulp His And Hers Raritan.

•: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of • displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is located at Court Street, a former station in on the. • is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km 2). The park was designed by and, who created Manhattan's. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests;,, the, housing a visitors center and the first urban; Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade. Located in within, home of the and.

Brooklyn's major professional sports teams are the 's and the 's. The Nets and Islanders moved into the borough in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and both play their home games at in Prospect Heights.

Previously, the Nets had played in and in, while the Islanders had played in Uniondale since their inception. Brooklyn also has a storied sports history.

It has been home to many famous sports figures such as,,,, and. Basketball legend was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in. In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn’s, and were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as. During this 'Brooklyn era', baseball evolved into the modern game: the first, first, first, first,, first, first, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.

Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the, named for 'trolley dodgers' played. In 1947 was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only for Brooklyn against their rival. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles., the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club. After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the, a team that plays in in.

They are an affiliate of the. The of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017. Brooklyn once had a team named the in 1926, who played. Transportation [ ] Public transport [ ].

Subway station Brooklyn features extensive. Nineteen services, including the, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact that some neighborhoods like and are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the, include: • • • • • Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park, as well as a subway line to. Brooklyn was once served by, many of which were replaced. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan.

New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn:,, and, the terminus of the of the. The terminal is located near the subway station, with ten connecting subway services.

In February 2015, Mayor announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally undeserved by public transit. The ferry opened in May 2017, with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the serving northwestern Brooklyn.

A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough. A line, the, was proposed by the city in February 2016, with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024. Roadways [ ].

As seen from with and in background The great majority of are located in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn. These include the, the (which is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), the (), the, and the (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878. Major thoroughfares include,, 86th Street,,,,,,,,, and. Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but,,,, and and the other western sections have running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest.

East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix 'East'. South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the 'West' designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A-Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by 'North' and 'South' in Williamsburg, and 'Bay', 'Beach', 'Brighton', 'Plumb', 'Paerdegat' or 'Flatlands' along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as.

Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the,, and bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the (formerly the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with, including the (part of the ), the, and the JJ Byrne Memorial Bridge, all of which carry traffic over, and the connecting Brooklyn to the. Waterways [ ] Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the in.

Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the in is a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The, one of the, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from. In February 2015, Mayor announced that the city government would begin to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city. The ferry opened in May 2017, offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes.

The serves points in,,, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan. Offers tours and charters. Also offers weekday ferry service between the and the Manhattan ferry slips at downtown and in midtown. A, originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then new is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area. See also: and Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions.

Public schools in the borough are managed by the, the largest public school system. (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States. Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922.

Brooklyn Tech is located across the street from. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6,000,000 and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block.

Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and the large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. Higher education [ ] Public colleges [ ] is a senior college of the, and was the first public coeducational in New York City.

The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in ’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second generation Americans. Founded in 1970, is a senior college of the, with a mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The College offers programs both at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as Adult and Continuing Education classes for Central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of in. CUNY's (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School.

That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech., founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner was a member of its faculty.

Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. Private colleges [ ]. 's 1994 'Fell Hall' tower, by architect was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for quality of students.

Is a private university headquartered in on, with a campus in with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels., in, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus.

Graduate programs include library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all.

Wunsch Building The, the United States' second oldest private, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise (NYU). Is a Catholic college located in and was founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, there are over 2,400 students attending the small liberal arts college. Francis is considered by as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by both magazine and U.S. News & World Report. Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as in Clinton Hill and in.

Community colleges [ ] is a junior college in the system, located in. Brooklyn Public Library [ ]. The Central Library. As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing. There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half mile of each Brooklyn resident.

In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities. Accessed September 17, 2016.

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Retrieved October 24, 2010. Archived from on April 13, 2015. Further reading [ ]. • Curran, Winifred.

'Gentrification and the nature of work: exploring the links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.' Environment And Planning A. 36 (2004): 1243-1258. • Curran, Winifred. 'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.' Urban Studies (2007) 44#8 pp: 1427-1440. • Golenbock, Peter.

Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Courier Corporation, 2010) • Harris, Lynn. May 18, 2008 • Livingston, E. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994) • McCullough, David W., and Jim Kalett. Brooklyn.and How It Got That Way (1983); guide to neighborhoods; many photos • McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (2001) • Ment, David. The shaping of a city: A brief history of Brooklyn (1979) • Trezza, Frank J. • Robbins, Michael W., ed.

Brooklyn: A State of Mind. Workman Publishing, New York, 2001.

• Snyder-Grenier, Ellen M. Brooklyn!: an illustrated history (Temple University Press, 2004) • Warf, Barney. 'The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn.' Environment and Planning D (1990) 8#1 pp: 73-96. • Wellman, Judith. Brooklyn's Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York (2014) • Wilder, Craig Steven. A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636-1990 (Columbia University Press, 2013) Published until 1949 [ ].

• Howard, Henry Ward Beecher (1893).. Williams (1850),, Appleton's northern and eastern traveller's guide, New York: D. Appleton • (1867),, Brooklyn: Pub. By subscription •, Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876 • Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1898). • Harrington Putnam (1899),, in Lyman P.

Powell, Historic towns of the middle states, New York: G. Putnam's sons, • Ernest Ingersoll (1906),, Rand, McNally & Co.' S handy guide to New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and other districts included in the enlarged city (20th ed.), Chicago: Rand, McNally, • (1913),, The Personality of American Cities, New York: McBride, Nast & Company • Chisholm, Hugh, ed.

Cambridge University Press. New York: a Guide to the Empire State.. New York: Oxford University Press. External links [ ] has original text related to this article.